Inteko yatoye itegeko ryemera ubucuruzi bwa ‘Cryptocurrency’.

Inteko Ishinga Amategeko Umutwe w’Abadepite yatoye itegeko rigenga ubucuruzi bw’umutungo wifashisha amafaranga y’ikoranabuhanga (Cryptocurrency) nka Bitcoin, bwakorwaga mu buryo butemewe n’amategeko aho benshi baburiganyirijwemo.

Iryo tegeko ryitezweho gufasha mu gukumira no kugabanya ibyago bishobora kubaho birimo iyezandonke no gutera inkunga iterabwoba binyuze mu mutungo koranabuhanga no kurengera abaguzi hirindwa uburiganya no kubeshywa inyungu z’umurengera.

Ubwo Komisiyo y’Ubucuruzi n’Ubukungu mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko yasuzumaga umushinga w’iryo tegeko, yasanze Urwego rw’Igihugu rw’Ubugenzacyaha, RIB, rufite ibirego 35 byagize ingaruka ku bantu benshi bariganyirijwe muri ubwo bucuruzi.

Mu bihe bishize hagiye humvikana abantu bataka ko bizejwe gushora imari yabo mu mafaranga yo kuri internet, bakizezwa inyungu z’umurengera ariko bikarangira babuze inyungu n’ayo bashoye.

Urugero rwa hafi ni aho mu Ukuboza 2025, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo rwahamije Manzi Sezisoni Davis ibyaha byo kuvunja amafaranga no kuyacuruza mu buryo butemewe n’amategeko, kwihesha ikintu cy’undi hakoreshejwe uburiganya n’iyezandonke, rumuhanisha igifungo cy’imyaka irindwi n’ihazabu ya miliyoni 7,81$ (miliyari 11,3 Frw).

Manzi ubwo yaburanaga, yagaragaje ko yatangiye gukora ubwo bucuruzi nta mategeko abugenga ahari, ariko ko ari mu bagize uruhare mu gutegura ayo mategeko kugira ngo ubwo bucuruzi bubashe kugenzurwa hashingiwe ku mategeko.

Guverinoma y’u Rwanda yerekanye ko iri tegeko, rishingiye ku mahame kandi ritanga ubwisanzure buhagije ku buryo ibisabwa byihariye bizashyirwa mu mabwiriza ashyira itegeko mu bikorwa.

Ni itegeko rigamije gukumira no kugabanya ibyago bishobora kubaho birimo iyezandonke no gutera inkunga iterabwoba binyuze mu mutungo koranabuhanga no kurengera abaguzi n’abashoramari, kubera ko imiterere y’umutungo koranabuhanga ituma abashoramari bashakira inyungu mu ihindagurika ry’ibiciro no kubera ko imitungo koranabuhanga myinshi idafite ireme.

Hari kandi kubungabunga ubunyangamugayo, imikorere iboneye no gukorera mu mucyo ku isoko hagamijwe kwirinda ibikorwa by’uburiganya no gutanga amakuru adahagije.

Ikindi ni ukubungabunga ukudahungabana kw’imari no gukumira ibyago bishobora kubaho bikagira ingaruka ku rwego rwose rw’imari kubera ko urwego rw’umutungo koranabuhanga n’urwego rw’imari muri rusange bifitanye isano.

Ikindi, iryo tegeko rizafasha imbuga z’umutungo koranabuhanga kugira umutekano w’urusobe koranabuhanga, kurinda amakuru no gukomeza gukora mu gihe zihuye n’ibibazo no guteza imbere ibikorwa byo guhanga ibishya mu bucuruzi bw’umutungo koranabuhanga.

Imiterere y’ubucuruzi bw’imitungo koranabuhanga

Perezida wa Komisiyo y’Ubucuruzi, Depite Munyangeyo Theogene, yagaragaje ko iryo tegeko rije rikenewe mu kugenzura ubucuruzi bw’imitungo koranabuhanga kuko bukomeje kwitabirwa.

Ati “Buramutse butagenzuwe ku buryo bukwiye, hashobora kubaho uburiganya n’ubwambuzi buturutse ku mbuga mpimbano bita ko ari ishoramari no kwibasira abashoramari binyuze mu kubahamgarira gushoramo imari mu buryo bw’uburiganya.”

Yerekanye ko aho Isi igeze kuri ubu umutungo koranabuhanga usanga uhererekanywa nk’uko abantu bakoresha ifaranga rifatika ry’ibihugu aho abarenga miliyari imwe ku Isi bayobotse ubucuruzi bw’umutungo koranabuhanga.

Muri bo, abarenga miliyoni 70 bakora ubwo bucuruzi ku buryo buhoraho, mu gihe habarurwa ko agaciro k’umutungo koranabuhanga uri ku isoko karenga miliyari 2.350$ mu gihe hari ubwoko bwawo burenga 9188 bw’umutungo koranabuhanga, bugacururizwa ku masoko arenga 920.

Yagaragaje kandi ko hari n’imbuga nyinshi zikora uburiganya muri ubwo bucuruzi bityo ko hagomba kubaho uburyo buhamye bwo kubyirinda no kubigenzura.

Mu Karere ka Afurika y’Iburasirazuba, ubu bucuruzi bukomeje kwitabirwa aho muri Kenya bukorwa n’abarenga miliyoni enye, Uganda bwayobotswe na miliyoni ebyiri, Tanzania bukorwa na miliyoni 1,5 mu gihe mu Rwanda habarurwa abarenga ibihumbi 350.

Mu 2021, u Rwanda rwari ku mwanya wa 69 ku rwego rw’Isi mu mikoreshereze ya serivisi zitandukanye zerekeye ifaranga koranabuhanga nk’uko byagaragajwe na raporo ya Chainalysis Crypto Adoption Index, ariko rwasubiye inyuma cyane rugera ku mwanya wa 142 nyuma y’uko mu 2023 BNR isabye Abanyarwanda gushishoza mu kwinjira kuri ubwo bucuruzi.

Urwego rw’Igihugu rushinzwe kugenzura isoko ry’imari n’Imigabane, CMA, ni rwo rwahawe inshingano zo kugenzura imikorere y’ubwo bucuruzi, gufasha abatanga serivisi z’umutungo koranabuhanga gukorana n’urwego ngenzuramikorere rumww no koroshya ibikorwa by’igenzuramikorere.

Urwo ni rwo ruzajya rutanga impushya ku banyarwanda n’abanyamahanga bagiye kwinjira muri ubwo bucuruzi.

Iri tegeko rigena ko ugiye kwinjira mu bucuruzi bw’umutungo koranabuhanga hari imari shingiro izagenwa n’amabwiriza agomba kuba afite, bitandukanye n’uko umuntu yapfaga kwinjiramo gusa yahomba, hagatikirira umutungo w’abaturage bamwizeye.

Umutungo koranabuhanga urimo ibice bitatu by’ingenzi, harimo ifaranga koranabuhanga ridahindagurika, bivuga umutungo koranabuhanga ufite agaciro gashingiye ku mutungo wihariye uzigamwe cyangwa ku rusobe rw’imitungo izigamwe nk’ifaranga risanzwe akoreshwa mu gihugu, ibicuruzwa cyangwa irindi faranga koranabuhanga rifite agaciro, hagamijwe ko rigumana agaciro kadahindagurika.

Hari kandi umutungo ufatika usimbuzwa ‘token’, uburyo bukoresha ikoranabuhanga rishya nk’ububiko koranabuhanga bw’uruhererekane rw’ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi, butuma umutungo ufatika cyangwa umutungo w’imari uhagararirwa na ‘token’ y’ikoranabuhanga.

Iri tegeko rigaragaza ko umutungo usimbuzwa token ugomba kuba wishingiwe 100% kandi udashobora gutangirwaho inguzanyo ahubwo ugomba kubikwa neza no gutandukanywa n’indi mitungo ya nyir’ubwite.

Umutungo wa Leta, ibikorwaremezo rusange, ibihangano by’ubugeni n’ibindi bitashobora kugenerwa agaciro ntabwo byemewe mu gusimbuzwa token.

Igice cya gatatu muri ubu bucuruzi ni umutungo koranabuhanga utishingiwe n’undi mutungo.

Gucuruza amafaranga y’ikoranabuhanga byamaze kwemezwa mu Rwanda

Impungenge ziracyahari

Itegeko rigaragaza ko mu isuzuma ry’ibibazo bijyanye n’umutungo koranabuhanga bishobora kubaho, hagaragaye ko mu bucuruzi bw’umutungo koranabuhanga hashobora kubaho ibibazo bishobora gukoma mu nkokora ubukungu.

Muri byo harimo kutagaragaza izina no guhimba izina aho umutungo koranabuhanga utuma abantu bakora ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi batigaragaza neza.

Hari kandi amafaranga yambukiranya imipaka mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko bitewe n’uko umutungo koranabuhanga ufite imiterere yo gukoreshwa ku rwego mpuzamahanga kandi idashingiye ahantu runaka, byongera ibyago byo kuba yakoreshwa mu iyezandonke no gutera inkunga iterabwoba.

Ibindi bibazo birimo kungukira mu kunyurana hagati y’amategeko y’ibihugu bitandukanye no kutubahiriza amategeko mu rwego rw’umutungo koranabuhanga.

Benshi mu batanga serivisi z’umutungo koranabuhanga ntibafite ingamba zihamye zijyanye no kurwanya iyezandonke no gutera inkunga iterabwoba, bikongera ibyago byo gukora ibyaha byo mu rwego rw’imari.

Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko iryo tegeko rishyiraho urwego rugenga ubucuruzi bw’umutungo koranabuhanga, rikaba risaba gukorera mu mucyo no gushyiraho ingamba z’umutekano hagamijwe kurengera abakoresha izo serivisi no gutuma abantu bakomeza kugirira icyizere isoko ry’umutungo koranabuhanga.

Ni itegeko kandi rizaba rikurikiza amabwiriza mpuzamahanga kandi rishyigikira ubufatanye n’amahanga mu kurwanya ibyaha byambukiranya imipaka no kungukira mu kunyurana hagati y’amategeko y’ibihugu bitandukanye, rikanaha agaciro gahunda yo kubaka ubushobozi no kwigisha abaturage.

Ibyo bizatuma u Rwanda rugira ubukungu bukomeye bushingiye ku ikoranabuhanga kandi umutungo koranabuhanga waguke ku buryo ubukungu burushaho gutera imbere kandi ntihagire umuturage uhezwa mu rwego rw’imari.

Iryo tegeko kandi rije nyuma y’uko Banki Nkuru y’u Rwanda, mu ntangiriro ya Gashyantare 2026, yatangaje ko yarangije igerageza rito ryitwa “Proof of Concept” ryakozwe ku ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’Ifaranga-Koranabuhanga rya Banki Nkuru (Central Bank Digital Currency – CBDC), ryiswe e-Franc Rwandais (e-FRW).

Ibihano birakakaye

Utanga serivisi z’umutungo koranabuhanga agomba gukora ku buryo imbuga ze zimenyekanisha ubucuruzi butabogamye kandi bukorera mu mucyo, kwita ku nyungu z’abakiliya be kandi akabafata mu buryo bungana no kurinda amakuru n’imitungo byabo.

CMA ifite inshingano zo kujya igenzura imikorere, aho abahawe uburenganzira bwo gukora bagomba kujya batanga raporo y’ibikorwa nibura buri mezi atatu.

Itegeko riteganya ko umuntu ku giti cye ukora ubucuruzi bw’umutungo koranabuhanga atabifitiye uruhushya aba akoze icyaha.

Iyo abihamijwe n’urukiko, ahanishwa ihazabu itari munsi ya miliyoni 30 Frw ariko itarenze miliyoni 50 Frw n’igihano cy’igifungo kitari munsi y’imyaka itatu ariko kitarenze imyaka itanu, cyangwa kimwe gusa muri ibyo bihano.

Ni mu gihe ikigo gifite ubuzima gatozi gikora ubwo bucuruzi bw’umutungo koranabuhanga kitabifitiye uruhushya, gihanishwa ihazabu itari munsi ya miliyoni 50 Frw ariko itarenze miliyoni 100 Frw.

Ukora ukora ibikorwa byo kumenyekanisha, kwamamaza cyangwa gushishikariza ibijyanye n’umutungo koranabuhanga cyangwa igikorwa kijyanye na wo, atabifitiye uruhushya, aba akoze icyaha.

Iyo abihamijwe n’urukiko, ahanishwa ihazabu itari munsi ya miliyoni 5 Frw ariko itarenze 10 Frw n’igihano cy’igifungo kitari munsi y’amezi atandatu ariko kitarenze umwaka umwe cyangwa kimwe gusa muri
ibyo bihano.

Mu bindi bihano kandi harimo kwihanangirizwa, guhagarikwa by’agateganyo cyangwa kwamburwa burundu uruhushya rwo gukora mu gihe ikigo kitarengera inyungu z’umuguzi.

Ibyo bihano kandi bishobora kujyana n’ibindi bisanzwe biteganyijwe mu mategeko ahana y’u Rwanda, aho bigaragara ko ibyakozwe bigize ibyaha.